醫(yī)院的污水，除一般生活污水外，還含有化學物質、放射性廢水和病原體。因此，必須經(jīng)過處理后才能排放，特別是肝炎等傳染病病房排出來的污水，須經(jīng)消毒后才可排放。無集中式污水處理設備的醫(yī)院，對有傳染性的糞便，必須單獨消毒使其無害化。常用消毒劑有二氧化氯、漂白粉、液氯、次氯酸鈉、臭氧。對含放射性同位素的污水，應按同位素處理要求處理。

　　醫(yī)院污水在處理過程中，沉淀的污泥含有大量的細菌、病毒和寄生蟲卵，須經(jīng)消毒(常用熟石灰消毒)或高溫堆肥后方可用作肥料。醫(yī)院各部門的功能、設施和人員組成情況不同，產(chǎn)生污水的主要部門和設施有：診療室、化驗室、病房、洗衣房、X光照像洗印、動物房、同位素治療診斷、手術室等排水。醫(yī)院行政管理和醫(yī)務人員排放的生活污水，食堂、單身宿舍、家屬宿舍排水。不同部門科室產(chǎn)生的污水成分和水量各不相同，如重金屬廢水、含油廢水、洗印廢水、放射性廢水等。而且不同性質醫(yī)院產(chǎn)生的污水也有很大不同。醫(yī)院污水較一般生活污水排放情況復雜。

　　醫(yī)院污水來源及成分復雜，含有病原性微生物、有毒、有害的物理化學污染物和放射性污染等，具有空間污染、急性傳染和潛伏性傳染等特征，不經(jīng)有效處理會成為一條疫病擴散的重要途徑和嚴重污染環(huán)境。因此，醫(yī)院污水往往具有以下特點：

　　醫(yī)院污水的水質特點是含有大量的病原體──病菌、病毒和寄生蟲卵。如結核病醫(yī)院污水，每升可檢出結核桿菌幾十萬至幾百萬個。醫(yī)院污水還含有消毒劑、藥劑、試劑等多種化學物質。利用放射性同位素醫(yī)療手段的醫(yī)院的污水還含有放射性物質。醫(yī)院污水的水量與醫(yī)院的性質、規(guī)模及所在地區(qū)的氣候等因素有關，按每張病床計一般為每天200～1000升。醫(yī)院污水處理主要是消毒，即殺滅病原體。常用的方法是氯化消毒或用臭氧消毒(見水的消毒、廢水氧化處理法)。醫(yī)院排出的放射性廢水常用貯存衰減法處理。醫(yī)院常用的放射性同位素如131碘,32磷,198金，24鈉等是半衰期較短的同位素，因此可以將放射性污水貯存于地下專用衰變水池內,貯存時間為10倍于半衰期,把放射性濃度降到容許排放的程度。如果放射性污水的濃度很低，水量很小，也可用稀釋法處理。中國的《放射性防護規(guī)定》要求每一微居里放射性同位素達到容許排放濃度需稀釋水量1.67米3。當放射性污水濃度很高,放射性的半衰期很長，不宜用貯存法和稀釋法處理時，可用蒸發(fā)法、離子交換法或凝聚沉淀法進行分離濃縮處理(見放射性廢水處理)。醫(yī)院污水處理過程中排出的污泥按每張病床計，每天平均為0.7～1升，含水95%，含有污水中病原體總量的70～80%，必須進行消毒處理。消毒方法有加熱消毒、化學藥劑消毒、γ射線消毒等。加熱消毒的熱源通常為蒸汽、電能或生物能(高溫堆肥)，有的地區(qū)可以用太陽能?；蛘哂梅贌ㄌ幚?見污泥焚燒)?；瘜W藥劑消毒可用漂白粉、石灰、氨水、液氯或苛性鈉等。用漂白粉或液氯時,有效氯用量約為污泥量的2.5%。用堿性藥劑時，污泥的pH值達到12后，保持半小時以上，效果**。γ射線消毒可用60鈷或一些裂變產(chǎn)物的混合物作輻射源，輻射劑量為20～30萬倫琴。用此法對污泥消毒不產(chǎn)生臭氣，并可改善污泥的脫水和沉降性，但費用較高。因此醫(yī)院污水處理往往要求做到以下幾點：

1. 全過程控制原則。對醫(yī)院污水產(chǎn)生、處理、排放的全過程進行控制。

2. 減量化原則。嚴格醫(yī)院內部衛(wèi)生安全管理體系，在污水和污物發(fā)生源處進行嚴格控制和分離，醫(yī)院內生活污水與病區(qū)污水分別收集，即源頭控制、清污分流。嚴禁將醫(yī)院的污水和污物隨意棄置排入下水道

3. 就地處理原則。為防止醫(yī)院污水輸送過程中的污染與危害，在醫(yī)院必須就地處理。

4. 分類指導原則。根據(jù)醫(yī)院性質、規(guī)模、污水排放去向和地區(qū)差異對醫(yī)院污水處理進行分類指導。

5. 達標與風險控制相結合原則。全面考慮綜合性醫(yī)院和傳染病醫(yī)院污水達標排放的基本要求，同時加強風險控制意識，從工藝技術、工程建設和監(jiān)督管理等方面提高應對突發(fā)性事件的能力。

6. 生態(tài)安全原則。有效去除污水中有毒有害物質，減少處理過程中消毒副產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)生和控制出水中過高余氯，保護生態(tài)環(huán)境安全。

　　醫(yī)院污水處理之曝氣生物濾池法

　　醫(yī)院污水主要來自診療室，病房，化驗室，手術室，洗衣房，行政管理部門以及食堂，宿舍等排放的污水，主要污染物為**污染物，病原微生物及病毒。醫(yī)院污水現(xiàn)在只經(jīng)格柵除渣及消毒后處理既排放，采用二氧化氯消毒劑，余氯和細菌學指標能達標，但**物未被去除。為了全面達標，醫(yī)院增加了曝氣生物濾池污水處理工藝處理污水?？紤]到該醫(yī)院污水處理廠占地有限以及水中含有一定量消毒劑的特點，決定采取負荷高，占地少，對進水**物濃度范圍適應性錢的曝氣生物濾池工藝。

　　曝氣生物濾池具有以下特點：

　　(1)**負荷高，占地少

　　(2)生物量大，活性高，抗沖擊能力強

　　(3)具有生物降解反應與過濾雙重功能，不需二沉池

　　(4)由于濾料的切割作用，氧利用率高

　　(5)運行穩(wěn)定可靠，管理方便醫(yī)院污水處理之氯化法

　　(1)次氯酸鈉法。次氯酸鈉是普通的化學試劑，起運輸，儲存和購買都比較方便。次氯酸鈉溶于水生產(chǎn)次氯酸根離子，可用于消毒殺菌，但它不穩(wěn)定，光照，受潮易于分解，消毒能力很弱。

　　(2)液氯法。液氯在水中能迅速產(chǎn)生次氯酸根離子。該方法已廣泛應用于醫(yī)院的污水消毒。液氯中有效氯含量比次氯酸鈉溶液高5-10倍，消毒能力強且價格便宜。由于氯氣是一種強刺激性有毒氣體，因此要用專用的存儲設備進行存儲。

　　(3)二氧化氯法。 二氧化氯(ClO2)是一種強氧化劑，它在水中的溶解度是氯的5倍，其氧化能力是氯氣的215倍左右。它可以殺滅一切微生物，同時有效破壞水中的微量**污染物，很好地氧化水中一些還原狀態(tài)的金屬離子。其**的優(yōu)點在于與腐殖質及**物反應幾乎不產(chǎn)生發(fā)散性**鹵化物，不生成并抑制生成有致癌作用的三鹵甲烷，也不與氨及氨基化合物反應，因此非常適合用于醫(yī)院污水處理。

　　醫(yī)院污水處理不達標一直是危害環(huán)境的重要因素。經(jīng)過有關部門長期調查研究顯現(xiàn)醫(yī)院污水處理不徹底主要有下列因素。

　　1.分類廢水所使用藥劑為了減低成本都是有很強針對性。從而造成各分類廢水處理良好，綜合水還是處理不達標。

　　2.為水質清澈和降低成本使用大量石灰。但是卻產(chǎn)生大量污泥，往往廢水處理成本中30%---40%是處理污泥所產(chǎn)生。

　　3.來水pH值變化大，反應池pH控制不穩(wěn)定。pH不穩(wěn)定造成沉淀池渾濁。出水水質也跟著不穩(wěn)定，時好時壞。

　　4.水處理人員責任心不強，操作不夠細心，不注重細節(jié)。比如：來水有問題，不及時停機進行應急處理。各種儀表、探頭不經(jīng)常校正清洗。配制藥品濃度不按工藝要求配制，為了省事，私自把濃度提高。

　　5.表面處理行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品進行表面處理前，必須先經(jīng)過大量的前處理，這其中使用的除油粉里含有乳化劑，而大量的乳化劑不但影響COD的含量，而且影響沉淀池的礬花絮凝，成泥不理想，致使沉淀不好，大量懸浮物跟隨上層清水流出沉淀池，在pH回調的時候重新溶解進水里，結果造成排放口重金屬離子超標。

　　醫(yī)療廢水的處理方法

醫(yī)療廢水處理的基本方法有三類：物理法、化學法和微生物法，目前醫(yī)院更多采用的是化學方法，物理方法主要是是針對醫(yī)院廢水進行沉淀、分離、冷熱處理等操作。化學方法在醫(yī)院廢水處理中應用更為廣泛，目前常用的方法包括：氯化消毒法、氧化劑消毒法、輻射消毒等，微生物處理法作為當前科技附加值較高的方法，逐步受到了人們的青睞。　

　　沉淀過濾法

　　沉淀法是醫(yī)療廢水物理處理的重要方面，主要原理是利用醫(yī)療廢水中懸浮污水的密度和污染物不同，按照重力沉浮的原理，把醫(yī)療污水中的懸浮物分離出來。利用過濾介質截流污水中的懸浮物。過濾介質有鋼條、篩網(wǎng)、砂布、塑料、微孔管等，常用的過濾設備有格柵、柵網(wǎng)、微濾機、砂濾機、真空濾機、壓濾機等，把污水分離出去。

　　離心分離方法

　　在醫(yī)院醫(yī)療廢水處理中，含有懸浮污染物質的污水在高速旋轉，由于懸浮顆粒(如乳化油)和污水受到的離心力大小不同而被分離的方法。常用的離心設備按離心力產(chǎn)生的方式可分為兩種：由水流本身旋轉產(chǎn)生離心力的為旋流分離器，由設備旋轉同時也帶動液體旋轉產(chǎn)生離心力的為離心分離機。旋流分離器分為壓力式和重力式兩種。因它具有體積小、單位容積處理能力高的優(yōu)點，近幾十年來廣泛用于軋鋼污水處理及高濁度河水的預處理。離心機的種類很多，按分離因素分有常速離心機和高速離心機。化學處理方法氯化消毒法氯化消毒法是在我國應用*為廣泛的一種方法。常見的有次氯酸鈉法、液氯法和二氧化氯法等。次氯酸鈉在醫(yī)用上是比較普通的化學試劑，是一種有刺激性氣味的淡黃色透明液體，可以較為方便地使用和存儲，但是它具有不穩(wěn)定性，易于分解，消毒能力弱，具有氧化性。該方法處理醫(yī)療廢水主要是兩種方式：一是在醫(yī)療廢水中投放次氯酸鈉或者次氯酸鈣，費用低、簡便易行，適用于醫(yī)療廢水產(chǎn)生較少的衛(wèi)生所或者鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)醫(yī)院。這些醫(yī)院人數(shù)少、廢水成分簡單，但是由于手工添加藥劑，很難準確掌握投放量。二是使用自動次氯酸鈉發(fā)生器設備進行污水處理，依據(jù)廢水種類和量進行自動投配藥劑，處理效果比較穩(wěn)定。這種方法成本相對較高，且對技術人員素質要求較高，適合于患者人數(shù)較多、醫(yī)療廢水較多的大型綜合性醫(yī)院。其消毒原理：液氯在水中能迅速產(chǎn)生次氯酸根離子，化學性質活潑。液氯中有效氯的含量高，所以消毒能力強，廣泛應用于醫(yī)院的污水處理。由于氯氣是一種強刺激性有毒氣體，所以應該采用專門的存儲設備。其消毒原理為：二氧化氯是一種強氧化劑，其溶于水后將產(chǎn)生次氯酸根離子和亞氯酸根離子，損害人體對碘的吸收，損害紅細胞。二氧化氯是一種高效殺菌劑，自其作為污水處理消毒劑以來，在歐美國家應用較為廣泛。二氧化氯發(fā)生器無論是在安裝還是使用方面

　　都具有很多優(yōu)越性，二氧化氯必然成為醫(yī)院醫(yī)療污水處理的有效產(chǎn)品之一。醫(yī)療廢水使用二氧化氯進行消毒可以有效除去失活病毒、隱孢子蟲等，且二氧化氯消毒不受PH值影響，不形成氯仿等**鹵代物。二氧化氯還可以有效氧化鐵、錳、硫酸物等許多**物，但又不與氨反應，也不會形成溴酸鹽。具體聯(lián)系污水寶或參見http://www.dowater.com更多相關技術文檔。

　　氧化劑消毒法

　　臭氧也是一種高效的消毒劑，具有刺激性氣味，且具有不穩(wěn)定性。臭氧具有高的氧化還原電位，能夠有效講解**物，破壞分解細菌的細胞，并且*終殺死細胞。臭氧能夠消滅生命力頑強的病毒、芽孢等微生物。經(jīng)過臭氧處理后，除菌率高達99.985%-99.998%，亞硝酸鹽類去除率為79.5%，色度的去除率為77%。臭氧殺菌徹底，殺菌快，且不受外界環(huán)境影響。但是臭氧消毒也有一定的局限性，那就是臭氧本身不穩(wěn)定，容易在水中分解，而且臭氧消毒設備昂貴。

　　輻射消毒法

　　輻射消毒主要是指利用電離輻射殺滅致病微生物的能力對一次性醫(yī)療用品進行消毒。紫外線消毒是一種*經(jīng)濟方便的方法，也是一種物理消毒法，利用紫外線功能消滅病原微生物。紫外線在波長(280-200nm)的殺菌消毒效果**佳。紫外線消毒用于醫(yī)療廢水處理的原理：利用紫外線光子的能量破壞水中的各種病毒和細菌的遺傳物質DNA，破壞其DNA結構，達到消滅病菌的目的。該種醫(yī)療廢水處理方法的優(yōu)點是費用低、投資小、時間短。

　　曝氣生物濾池法

　　醫(yī)療廢水主要來自手術室、病房、洗衣房等，其主要的污染物為病毒、微生物及其**污染物。采用氯化法等消毒能夠達標，但是不能有效去除**物。為了更好地控制污水，全面達標，醫(yī)院還可以采用生物濾池污水處理方法，這是一種新型生物膜法污水處理工藝。曝氣生物濾池具有以下特點：占地少、**負荷高;因濾料具有切割作用，所以氧利用率較高;具有生物降解反應和過濾雙重功能;生物活性高、量大、抗沖擊能力強;運行可靠、管理方便。

　　微生物技術

　　生物接觸氧化法

　　這種方法是介于生物濾池和活性污泥法之間的一種生物膜法。在接觸生物氧化池內設有填料，在填料表面附著著以生物膜形式存在的微生物，部分微生物以絮狀存在，利用這些生物膜和充分共贏的氧氣對廢水中的**物進行氧化分解，*終達到凈化水質的效果。在可生化的條件下，該種方法具有高效節(jié)能、占地小、運行方便等特點。生物接觸氧化法通常與傳統(tǒng)消毒方法結合使用。如A/O二級強化生物接觸氧化法-二氧化氯工藝等，在較大型醫(yī)院的廢水處理中，這些方法得到了廣泛應用。

　　膜生物反應器處理

　　在醫(yī)療廢水微生物處理中，膜生物反應器處理是一個非常常見的方法，膜生物反應器主要是把生物處理單元和膜分離單元結合起來的一種新型的水處理技術，在這個過程中，主要是用膜組件來代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的二沉池，這樣能夠實現(xiàn)固體和液體的有效分離，防止出現(xiàn)污泥膨脹、水質不穩(wěn)定的情況。，膜生物反應器處理辦法具有水處理效率高、防止二次污染、密封性強、占地少、成效快的特點，是當前醫(yī)療廢水處理采用的主要方面。

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　　Hospital effluents, in addition to general domestic effluents, contain chemicals, radioactive effluents, and pathogens. Therefore, it must be treated before discharge, especially the effluent discharged from infectious disease wards such as hepatitis, and should be sterilized before discharge. Hospitals without centralized wastewater treatment equipment, with infectious feces, must be individually sanitized to render them harmless. Common disinfectants are chlorine dioxide, bleach powder, liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, and ozone. For effluents containing radioactive isotopes, they should be treated according to the requirements of isotope treatment.

　　Hospital sewage during treatment, the precipitated sludge contains a large amount of bacterial, viral, and parasitic eggs, which should be sterilized (common slaked lime disinfection) or left behind by high-temperature composting to be used as fertilizer. The functions, facilities, and personnel composition of all departments in the hospital are different, and the main departments and facilities that generate sewage are: diagnosis and treatment rooms, chemical laboratories, wards, washing rooms, radiographic wash prints, animal rooms, isotope therapy diagnostics, operating rooms, and other drains. The domestic sewage discharged by hospital administration and medical staff, cafeteria, single quarters, family quarters. The composition and water volume of wastewater generated by different departmental departments are different, such as heavy metal wastewater, oily wastewater, wash printing wastewater, radioactive wastewater, and so on. And the sewage produced in hospitals of different nature is very different. The discharge situation of hospital sewage is more complicated than that of general domestic sewage.

　　The source and composition of wastewater in hospitals are complex, containing pathogenic microorganisms, toxic, harmful physicochemical pollutants and radioactive pollution, which have the characteristics of space pollution, acute infection and latent infection, and without effective treatment can become an important route for the spread of an epidemic disease and severely polluted environments. Therefore, hospital sewage tends to have the following characteristics:

　　The water quality of hospital effluents is characterized by the presence of a large number of pathogens - bacteria, viruses and parasite eggs. As TB hospital sewage, several hundred thousand to several million tuberculous bacilli can be detected per liter. Hospital effluents also contain many chemicals such as disinfectants, agents, and reagents. Effluents from hospitals utilizing radioisotope medical means also contain radioactive materials. The volume of sewage in a hospital is related to factors such as the nature, size of the hospital and the climate of the region in which it is housed, and generally ranges from 200 to 1000 l per bed per day. Hospital wastewater treatment is mainly disinfection, i.e. killing pathogens. Common methods are chlorination or disinfection with ozone (see disinfection of water, wastewater oxidative treatment method). Radioactive wastewater discharged from the hospital is commonly treated by the storage attenuation method. Commonly used radioisotopes in hospitals such as 131 iodine, 32 phosphorus, 198 gold, 24 sodium, etc. are isotopes with short half lives, so radioactive wastewater can be stored in dedicated underground decay tanks for a storage time of 10 times the half-life, lowering the radioactivity concentration to the extent that it is tolerated for discharge. If the concentration of radioactive wastewater is low and the amount of water is small, it can also be treated by dilution method. China's radiological protection regulations require that each micro Curie radioisotope reach the allowable emission concentration with a volume of diluted water of 1.67m 3. When the concentration of radioactive wastewater is very high and the half-life of radioactivity is so long that it is not easily treated by storage and dilution methods, it can be treated by evaporation, ion exchange, or coacervation precipitation (see radioactive wastewater treatment). The sludge drained during the wastewater treatment of a hospital is, according to each hospital bed, an average of 0.7-1 l per day, with 95% water content and 70-80% of the total amount of pathogens contained in the effluent, which must be treated with disinfection. Disinfection methods are heat and disinfect, chemical agents γ Ray disinfection et al. Heat sterilized heat sources are usually steam, electricity, or bioenergetics (high-temperature compost), and areas can be covered with solar energy. Or disposal by incineration (see sludge incineration). Chemical agent disinfection may be done using bleach powder, lime, ammonia, liquid chlorine or caustic soda, etc. The effective chlorine amount was about 2.5% of the sludge amount when bleaching powder or liquid chlorine. With basic agents, the pH of sludge reaches 12 and then remains more than half an hour with the best results. γ Radiographic disinfection may be used as a source of radiation with 60 cobalt or a mixture of some fission products at a radiation dose of 20-300 000 roentgenomes. Disinfection of sludge with this method does not produce stink gas and improves sludge dehydration and sedimentation, but at a higher cost. Therefore, hospital wastewater treatment often requires the following:

　　Principles of full process control. The complete process of wastewater production, treatment, and discharge from hospitals is controlled.

　　The principle of reduction. The internal hygiene and safety management system of the hospital should be strictly controlled and separated at the source of sewage and dirt generation, and the domestic sewage in the hospital should be collected separately from the effluent in the hospital area, that is, source control, and decontamination diversion. The ad libitum abandonment of effluents and dirt from the hospital into the sewer is strictly prohibited

　　Principles of in situ processing. To prevent contamination and hazards during hospital effluent delivery, in situ treatment is necessary in hospitals.

　　Classification guidelines. The classification of nosocomial wastewater treatment is guided by the nature, size, where the effluent is discharged, and regional differences.

　　Compliance combined with risk control principles. Comprehensive consideration of the basic requirements of the effluent standard discharge of comprehensive hospitals and infectious disease hospitals, while strengthening the awareness of risk control, from process technology, engineering construction, and supervision and management, to improve the ability to respond to unexpected events.

　　Principles of ecological safety. Effectively remove toxic and harmful substances from wastewater, reduce the production of disinfection byproducts in the treatment process and control the excessive remaining chlorine in the effluent, and protect the safety of the ecological environment.

　　Aerated biofilter method for hospital wastewater treatment

　　Hospital effluents mainly come from the effluents discharged from diagnosis and treatment rooms, wards, chemical and laboratory rooms, operating rooms, washing rooms, and administrative departments as well as cafeterias, quarters, etc., and the main contaminants are organic pollutants, pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. The hospital sewage is now only discharged by grid residue removal and disinfection and post-treatment, using chlorine dioxide disinfectant, chlorine residue and bacteriological indicators can be up to standard, but organic matter is not removed. In order to comprehensively meet the standard, the hospital has added an aerated biofilter wastewater treatment process to treat the sewage. Considering the limited footprint of the wastewater treatment plant in this hospital and the characteristic that water contains a certain amount of disinfectant, it was decided to adopt an Aerated Biofilter Process with high load, low footprint, and good adaptability to the organic concentration range of the influent.

　　The aerated biofilter has the following characteristics:

　　(1) High organic loading with little footprint

　　(2) Large biomass, high activity and shock resistance

　　(3) It has the dual function of biodegradation reaction and filtration without the requirement of a double sink cell

　　(4) High oxygen utilization due to the cleavage of the filter

　　(5) Operation stable and reliable, management convenient hospital wastewater treatment by the chlorination method

　　(1) Sodium hypochlorite method. Sodium hypochlorite is a common chemical reagent and is more convenient to transport, store and purchase. Sodium hypochlorite is soluble in water to produce hypochlorite ions, which can be used for disinfection and sterilization, but it is unstable, light, moisture is easy to break down, and the disinfection ability is very weak.

　　(2) Liquid chlorine method. Liquid chlorine in water can rapidly produce hypochlorite ions. This method has been widely used for wastewater disinfection in hospitals. The effective chlorine content in liquid chlorine is 5-10 times higher than that in sodium hypochlorite solution, and the disinfection capacity is strong and inexpensive. Since chlorine is a strong irritant toxic gas, it is to be stored with a dedicated storage facility.

　　(3) Chlorine dioxide method. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidant that is five times more soluble in water than chlorine, and its oxidizing capacity is about 215 times that of chlorine gas. It can kill all microorganisms while effectively destroying trace organic pollutants in water, and well oxidizes some metal ions in a reduced state in water. Its greatest advantage lies in the fact that reaction with humic substances and organics produces few divergent Organohalides, does not generate and inhibits the production of carcinogenic trihalomethanes, nor does it react with ammonia and amino compounds, thus making it very suitable for use in hospital wastewater treatment.

　　The non compliance of hospital wastewater treatment has always been an important factor that endangers the environment. After a long-term survey research on relevant departments has revealed that the following factors mainly contribute to the incomplete wastewater treatment in hospitals.

　　1. Triage the agents used in wastewater are all highly targeted in order to reduce costs. Thus, it causes the wastewater of each classification to be treated well, the comprehensive water or the treatment is not up to standard.

　　2. Use large quantities of lime for water quality clarity and for cost reduction. But it produces a lot of sludge, often 30% of the cost of waste water treatment - 40% is generated from treating sludge.

　　3. The pH value of the coming water varies greatly, and the pH control of the reaction pool is not stable. PH instability causes cloudy precipitate pools. The effluent water quality also follows the instability, time good and time bad.

　　4. Water handlers are not very responsible, the operations are not attentive enough, and do not pay attention to the details. For example: the coming water has problems, and do not stop in time for emergency treatment. Various gauges, probes are not routinely corrected for washing. Formulation the drug product concentration is not formulated according to the process requirements, and it is private to raise the concentration.

　　5. Products from the surface treatment industry must undergo extensive pre-treatment prior to surface treatment, which uses an emulsifier contained in the oil removal powder, and large amounts of emulsifiers not only affect the COD content, but also the alum flocculent of the precipitation tank, which is not ideal for sludge formation, resulting in poor precipitation, and a large amount of the suspension follows the upper clean water to flow out of the precipitation tank, redissolve the influent while pH callbacks, As a result, heavy metal ions in the discharge port are exceeded.

　　Treatment methods for medical wastewater

　　There are three categories of basic methods for the treatment of medical wastewater: physical, chemical and microbiological methods, at present, the more adopted methods in hospitals are chemical methods, and the physical methods mainly target hospital wastewater for precipitation, separation, cold and heat treatment and other operations. The chemical methods are more widely used in hospital wastewater treatment, and the current common methods include: chlorination disinfection method, oxidant disinfection method, radiation disinfection, etc., microbial treatment, as the current method of high added value to science and technology, has gradually been favored.

　　Precipitation filtration method

　　The precipitation method is an important aspect of the physical treatment of medical wastewater, and the main principle is to use different densities and contaminants of suspended wastewater in medical wastewater, in accordance with the principle of gravity sedimentation, to separate the suspended matter in medical wastewater. The filter medium is used to intercept the suspended material in sewage. There are steel bars, screen mesh, sand cloth, plastic, micro hole tube, etc., the commonly used filtration equipment is grid, gate, micro filter, sand filter, vacuum filter, press filter, etc., to separate the sewage.

　　Centrifugation method

　　In hospital medical wastewater treatment, wastewater containing suspended contaminated materials is rotated at high speed by a method that is separated due to different magnitudes of centrifugal force that the suspended particles (such as emulsified oil) and effluent are subjected to. The commonly used centrifugal equipment can be divided into two types according to the manner of centrifugal force generation: a vortex separator, which produces centrifugal force by rotation of the water flow itself, and a centrifugal separator, which produces centrifugal force by rotation of the equipment while also driving rotation of the liquid. Swirling separators are divided into two types, pressure and gravity. It has been widely used for wastewater treatment on rolled steel and pretreatment of river water with high turbidity in recent decades because of its advantages of small size and high treatment capacity per volume. There are many kinds of centrifuges, and there are regular speed centrifuges and high-speed centrifuges by separation factor. Chemical treatment methods chlorinated disinfection method chlorinated disinfection method is the most widely used method in our country. Common ones are sodium hypochlorite method, liquid chlorine method and chlorine dioxide method, etc. Sodium hypochlorite, which is relatively common chemical agent in medical use, is a light yellow transparent liquid with an pungent odor, which can be used and stored more conveniently, but it has instability, easy to decompose, weak disinfection ability, oxidation. This method is mainly used to treat medical wastewater in two ways: first, it is easy and convenient to dispose sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite in medical wastewater, which is less expensive and suitable for use in health institutes or township hospitals where medical wastewater is less produced. These hospitals have small numbers and simple waste water compositions, but it is difficult to accurately grasp the volume to be delivered because of the manual addition of pharmaceutics. The second is to use automatic sodium hypochlorite generator equipment for wastewater treatment, according to the waste water type and amount for automatic dosing agents, and the treatment effect is relatively stable. This method is relatively costly and highly demanding in technical staff quality, and it is suitable for large comprehensive hospitals with a larger number of patients and more medical wastewater. Its principle of disinfection: liquid chlorine in water can rapidly produce hypochlorite ions, and the chemical nature is active. The content of available chlorine in liquid chlorine is high, so the disinfection ability is strong, and it is widely used in the wastewater treatment of hospitals. Since chlorine is a strong irritant toxic gas, specialized storage equipment should be employed. Its principle of disinfection is: chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant, which, when dissolved in water, will produce hypochlorite ions and chlorite ions, damage the body's absorption of iodine, and damage red blood cells. Chlorine dioxide is a highly effective fungicide that has been widely used in European and American countries since its application as a disinfectant for wastewater treatment. Chlorine dioxide generator, both in terms of installation and use

　　All have a lot of superiority, chlorine dioxide is bound to be one of the effective products for hospital medical wastewater treatment. Disinfection of medical wastewater using chlorine dioxide can effectively remove inactivated viruses, Cryptosporidium, etc., and chlorine dioxide disinfection is not affected by pH value and does not form organic halides such as chloroform. Chlorine dioxide can also effectively oxidize iron, manganese, sulfuric acid and many other organics, but again does not react with ammonia and does not form bromate. Contact the sewage treasure specifically or see http://www.dowater.com More relevant technical documents.

　　Oxidant disinfection method

　　Ozone is also a highly effective disinfectant, with an irritating odor, and it is unstable. Ozone has a high redox potential and is able to effectively explain organics, destroy cells that break down bacteria, and eventually kill cells. Ozone can eliminate microbes such as lifethreatening viruses and spores. After ozone treatment, the bacteria removal rate was up to 99.985% - 99.998%, the nitrite removal rate was 79.5%, and the removal rate of colority was 77%. Ozone sterilization is thorough and fast, and it is not affected by the external environment. But ozone disinfection also has some limitations, that is, ozone itself is unstable, can easily decompose in water, and ozone disinfection equipment is expensive.

　　Radiation disinfection method

　　Radiation disinfection mainly refers to the disinfection of disposable medical supplies using the ability of ionizing radiation to kill pathogenic microorganisms. Ultraviolet disinfection is one of the most economical and convenient methods, as well as a physical disinfection method, which uses the function of ultraviolet light to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. The bactericidal disinfection effect of ultraviolet light at the wavelength (280-200 nm) was the best. The principle of ultraviolet disinfection for medical wastewater treatment: using the energy of ultraviolet photons to destroy the genetic material DNA of various viruses and bacteria in water, damage its DNA structure, and achieve the purpose of eliminating bacteria. The advantages of this medical wastewater treatment method are low cost, small investment, and short time.

　　Aerated biofilter method

　　Medical wastewater mainly comes from operating rooms, wards, washing rooms, etc., and its main contaminants are viruses, microorganisms and their organic contaminants. Disinfection such as using the chlorination method can be up to standard, but cannot effectively remove organic matter. In order to better control the sewage, and comprehensively to be up to standard, hospitals can also apply biofilter wastewater treatment methods, which is a novel biofilm based wastewater treatment process. Aerated biofilters have the following characteristics: less footprint and high organic loading; Because the filters have a cutting effect, the oxygen utilization is higher; Has a dual function of biodegradation reaction and filtration; High biological activity, large quantity and shock resistance; Run reliable and easy to manage.

　　Microbiol technol

　　Biological contact oxidation method

　　This method is a biofilm process intermediate between biofilters and activated sludge method. There is a filler inside the contact biological oxidation tank, to which the surface of the filler is attached microorganisms existing in the form of biofilms and some microorganisms existing in flocs, to use these biofilms and sufficiently win-win oxygen for the oxidative decomposition of organic matter in wastewater, and finally to achieve the effect of purifying water quality. Under biochemical conditions, the proposed method is efficient and energy-saving, small footprint, and convenient for operation. Biological contact oxidation methods are usually compared with conventional eliminationBiological contact oxidation methods are often used in combination with traditional disinfection methods. Such as the A / O secondary intensive biological contact oxidation process chlorine dioxide process and so on, these methods have been widely used in wastewater treatment in larger hospitals.

　　Membrane bioreactor treatment

　　In medical wastewater microbial treatment, membrane bioreactor treatment is a very common method, membrane bioreactor is mainly a novel water treatment technology that combines a biological treatment unit and a membrane separation unit, in this process, mainly membrane components are used to replace the traditional double sediment tank, which can achieve effective separation of solids and liquids and prevent the occurrence of sludge expansion, water quality instability., With the characteristics of high efficiency of water treatment, prevention of secondary pollution, strong sealing, less footprint, and rapid achievement, the membrane bioreactor treatment approach is the main aspect adopted for the current medical wastewater treatment.

　　The above contents are compiled by the environment-friendly compendium of Ruize from Lanzhou Encyclopedia for various visitors to learn from!

　　The Ruize environmental protection to undertake various hospital wastewater treatment engineering! Our company is the source manufacturer of stroke machine equipment for wastewater treatment engineering, and there have been more than 120 cases of wastewater treatment engineering undertaken by the company since its establishment till now! To learn more about the hospital wastewater treatment project scheme with the quote, please call: 400-155-8689!