工業(yè)污水(industrial wastewater )包括生產(chǎn)廢水和生產(chǎn)污水，是指工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的廢水和廢液，其中含有隨水流失的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)用料、中間產(chǎn)物、副產(chǎn)品以及生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的污染物。

　　工業(yè)污水處理的基本原則

　　1、優(yōu)先選用無毒生產(chǎn)工藝代替或改革落后生產(chǎn)工藝,盡可能在生產(chǎn)過程中杜絕或減少有毒有害廢水的產(chǎn)生。

　　2、在使用有毒原料以及產(chǎn)生有毒中間產(chǎn)物和產(chǎn)品過程中,應嚴格操作、監(jiān)督,消除滴漏,減少流失,盡可能采用合理流程和設備。

　　3、含有劇毒物質(zhì)廢水,如含有一些重金屬、放射性物質(zhì)、高濃度酚、氰廢水應與其它廢水分流,以便處理和回收有用物質(zhì)。

　　4、流量較大而污染較輕的廢水,應經(jīng)適當處理循環(huán)使用,不宜排入下水道,以免增加城市下水道和城市污水處理負荷。

　　5、類似城市污水的**廢水,如食品加工廢水、制糖廢水、造紙廢水,可排入城市污水系統(tǒng)進行處理。

　　6、一些可以生物降解的有毒廢水,如酚、氰廢水,應先經(jīng)處理后,按允許排放標準排入城市下水道,再進一步生化處理。

　　7、含有難以生物降解的有毒廢水,應單獨處理,不應排入城市下水道。工業(yè)廢水處理的發(fā)展趨勢是把廢水和污染物作為有用資源回收利用或?qū)嵭虚]路循環(huán)。

　　1、工業(yè)廢水直接流入渠道、江河、湖泊污染地表水，如果毒性較大會導致水生動植物的死亡甚至絕跡。

　　2、工業(yè)廢水還可能滲透到地下水，污染地下水，進而污染農(nóng)作物。

　　3、如果周邊居民采用被污染的地表水或地下水作為生活用水，會危害身體健康，重者死亡。

　　4、工業(yè)廢水滲入土壤，造成土壤污染。影響植物和土壤中微生物的生長。

　　5、有些工業(yè)廢水還帶有難聞的惡臭，污染空氣。

　　6、工業(yè)廢水中的有毒有害物質(zhì)會被動植物的攝食和吸收作用殘留在體內(nèi)，而后通過食物鏈到達人體內(nèi)，對人體造成危害。工業(yè)廢水對環(huán)境的破壞是相當大的，20世紀的“八大公害事件”中的“水俁事件”和“富山事件”就是由于工業(yè)廢水污染造成的。

　　污水處理按照其作用可分為物理法、生物法和化學法三種。

　　1、物理法：主要利用物理作用分離污水中的非溶解性物質(zhì)，在處理過程中不改變化學性質(zhì)。常用的有重力分離、離心分離、反滲透、氣浮等。物理法處理構筑物較簡單、經(jīng)濟，用于村鎮(zhèn)水體容量大、自凈能力強、污水處理程度要求不高的情況。

　　2、生物法：利用微生物的新陳代謝功能，將污水中呈溶解或膠體狀態(tài)的**物分解氧化為穩(wěn)定的無機物質(zhì)，使污水得到凈化。常用的有活性污泥法和生物膜法。生物法處理程度比物理法要高。

　　3、化學法：是利用化學反應作用來處理或回收污水的溶解物質(zhì)或膠體物質(zhì)的方法。常用的有混凝法、中和法、氧化還原法、離子交換法等。化學處理法處理效果好、費用高，多用作生化處理后的出水，作進一步的處理，提高出水水質(zhì)。污水處理按照處理程度來分可分為一級處理、二級處理和三級處理。一級處理主要是去除污水中呈懸浮狀態(tài)的固體物質(zhì)，常用物理法。一級處理后的廢水BOD去除率只有20%，仍不宜排放，還須進行二級處理。二級處理的主要任務是大幅度去除污水中呈膠體和溶解狀態(tài)的**物，BOD去除率為80%～90%。一般經(jīng)過二級處理的污水就可以達到排放標準，常用生物膜處理法。三級處理的目的是進一步去除某種特殊的污染物質(zhì)，如除氟、除磷等，屬于深度處理，常用化學法。污水工藝流程選型要求：對現(xiàn)有一級處理工藝進行加強處理效果的改造 　改造應根據(jù)實際情況，充分利用現(xiàn)有處理設施，對現(xiàn)有醫(yī)院中應用較多的化糞池、接觸池在結(jié)構或運行方式上進行改造，必要時增設部分設施，盡可能地提高處理效果，以達到醫(yī)院污水處理的排放標準。

　　一種處理工業(yè)污水的方法，屬于污水處理技術領域。其是將污水引往集水池，對集水池末尾一格調(diào)節(jié)pH，用一級溶氣水泵**到一級壓力溶氣罐，同時吸入空氣和聚凝脫色劑，將在一級壓力溶氣罐內(nèi)的一級飽和溶氣水驟然釋放到一級氣浮池形成一級處理水;一級處理水溢入緩沖池，再在控制pH用二級溶氣水泵將一級處理水**至二級壓力溶氣罐內(nèi)，同時吸入空氣和聚凝脫色劑，將二級壓力溶氣罐內(nèi)的二級飽和溶氣水驟然釋放到二級氣浮池形成二級處理水并自溢至沉淀池沉淀后排放;一、二級氣浮池中的浮泥入浮泥池，壓濾成濾餅，濾液回引至集水池。該方法處理的工業(yè)污水的CODcr、脫色率、SS、BOD5的去除率分別為80～90%、95%、90%以上、75-80%，符合GB8978-1996一級水排放標準。沼氣發(fā)電是集環(huán)保和節(jié)能于一體的能源綜合利用新技術。它利用工業(yè)污水經(jīng)厭氧發(fā)酵處理產(chǎn)生的沼氣，驅(qū)動沼氣發(fā)電機組發(fā)電，并可充分利用發(fā)電機組的余熱用于沼氣生產(chǎn)，使綜合熱效率達 80 %左右，大大高于一般 30~40% 的發(fā)電效率，用戶的經(jīng)濟效益顯著是處理工業(yè)污水的好方法。

　　1、技術概述：微電解技術是處理高濃度**廢水的一種理想工藝，又稱內(nèi)電解法。它是在不通電的情況下，利用填充在廢水中的微電解材料自身產(chǎn)生1.2V電位差對廢水進行電解處理，以達到降解**污染物的目的。當系統(tǒng)通水后，設備內(nèi)會形成無數(shù)的微電池系統(tǒng)，在其作用空間構成一個電場。在處理過程中產(chǎn)生的新生態(tài)[H] 、Fe2 + 等能與廢水中的許多組分發(fā)生氧化還原反應，比如能破壞有色廢水中的有色物質(zhì)的發(fā)色基團或助色基團，甚至斷鏈，達到降解脫色的作用;生成的Fe2 + 進一步氧化成Fe3 +，它們的水合物具有較強的吸附- 絮凝活性，特別是在加堿調(diào)pH 值后生成氫氧化亞鐵和氫氧化鐵膠體絮凝劑，它們的吸附能力遠遠高于一般藥劑水解得到的氫氧化鐵膠體，能大量吸附水中分散的微小顆粒，金屬粒子及**大分子。其工作原理基于電化學、氧化- 還原、物理吸附以及絮凝沉淀的共同作用對廢水進行處理。該法具有適用范圍廣、處理效果好、成本低廉、操作維護方便，不需消耗電力資源等優(yōu)點。該工藝用于難降解高濃度廢水的處理可大幅度地降低COD和色度，提高廢水的可生化性，同時可對氨氮的脫除具有很好的效果。傳統(tǒng)上微電解工藝所采用的微電解材料一般為鐵屑和木炭，使用前要加酸堿活化，使用的過程中很容易鈍化板結(jié)，又因為鐵與炭是物理接觸，之間很容易形成隔離層使微電解不能繼續(xù)進行而失去作用，這導致了頻繁地更換微電解材料，不但工作量大成本高還影響廢水的處理效果和效率。另外，傳統(tǒng)微電解材料表面積太小也使得廢水處理需要很長的時間，增加了噸水投資成本，這都嚴重影響了微電解工藝的利用和推廣。

　　2、反應公式：陽極：Fe - 2e →Fe2+ E(Fe / Fe2+)=0.44V陰極：2H﹢ + 2e →H2 E(H﹢/ H2)=0.00V當有氧存在時，陰極反應如下：O2 + 4H﹢ + 4e → 2H2O E (O2)=1.23VO2 + 2H2O + 4e → 4OH﹣ E(O2/OH﹣)=0.41V3、技術特點⑴ 反應速率快，一般工業(yè)廢水只需要半小時至數(shù)小時;⑵ 作用**污染物質(zhì)范圍廣，如：含有偶氟、碳雙鍵、硝基、鹵代基結(jié)構的難除降解**物質(zhì)等都有很好的降解效果;

　　⑶ 工藝流程簡單、使用壽命長、投資費用少、操作維護方便、運行成本低、處理效果穩(wěn)定。處理過程中只消耗少量的微電解反應劑。微電解劑只需定期添加無需更換，添加也無需進行活化直接投入即可;

　　⑷ 廢水經(jīng)微電解處理后會在水中形成原生態(tài)的亞鐵或鐵離子，具有比普通混凝劑更好的混凝作用，無需再加鐵鹽等混凝劑，COD去除率高，并且不會對水造成二次污染;

　　⑸ 具有良好的混凝效果，色度、COD去除率高，同量可在很大程度上提高廢水的可生化性;⑹ 該方法可以達到化學沉淀除磷的效果，還可以通過還原除重金屬;

　　⑺ 對已建成未達標的高濃度**廢水處理工程，用該技術作為已建工程廢水的預處理，在降解COD的同時提高廢水的可生化性，可確保廢水處理后穩(wěn)定達標排放。也可對生化后廢水進很行微電解或微電解聯(lián)合生物濾床的工藝進行深度處理;⑻ 該技術各單元可作為單獨處理方法使用，又可作為生物處理的前處理工藝，利于污泥的沉降和生物掛膜。

　　4、適用廢水種類本技術特別針對**物濃度大、高毒性、高色度、難生化廢水的處理，可大幅度地降低廢水的色度和COD，提高B/C比值即提高廢水的可生化性;可廣泛應用于印染、化工、電鍍、制漿造紙、制藥、洗毛、農(nóng)藥、酒精等各類工業(yè)廢水的處理及處理水回用工程。⑴ 染料、印染廢水;焦化廢水;石油化工廢水;------上述廢水在脫色的同時，處理水中的BOD/COD值顯著提高。

　　⑵ 石油廢水;皮革廢水;造紙廢水、木材加工廢水;------上述廢水處理水后的BOD/COD值大幅度提高。

　　⑶電鍍廢水;印刷廢水;采礦廢水;其他含有重金屬的廢水;------可以從上述廢水中去除重金屬。

　　⑷ **磷農(nóng)業(yè)廢水;**氯農(nóng)業(yè)廢水;------大大提高上述廢水的可生化性，且可除磷，除硫化物。

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　　Industrial wastewater includes production wastewater and production wastewater, which refers to the wastewater and waste liquid generated in the process of industrial production, including industrial production materials, intermediates, by-products and pollutants generated in the production process.

　　Basic principles of industrial sewage treatment

　　1. Give priority to non-toxic production processes to replace or reform backward production processes, and try to eliminate or reduce the generation of toxic and harmful wastewater in the production process.

　　2. In the process of using toxic raw materials and producing toxic intermediates and products, strict operation and supervision should be carried out to eliminate dripping and leakage, reduce loss, and adopt reasonable processes and equipment as far as possible.

　　3. Wastewater containing highly toxic substances, such as some heavy metals, radioactive substances, high concentration phenol and cyanogen, should be separated from other wastewater in order to treat and recover useful substances.

　　4. Wastewater with large flow and light pollution should be properly treated and recycled, and should not be discharged into sewers, so as not to increase the load of urban sewers and urban sewage treatment.

　　5. Organic wastewater similar to urban sewage, such as food processing wastewater, sugar making wastewater and papermaking wastewater, can be discharged into the urban sewage system for treatment.

　　6. Some toxic wastewater that can be biodegraded, such as phenol and cyanogen wastewater, should be treated first, and then discharged into urban sewers according to the allowable discharge standards, and then further biochemical treatment.

　　7. Toxic wastewater that is difficult to biodegrade should be treated separately and should not be discharged into urban sewers. The development trend of industrial wastewater treatment is to recycle wastewater and pollutants as useful resources or implement closed-circuit circulation.

　　1. Industrial wastewater directly flows into channels, rivers and lakes to pollute surface water. If it is highly toxic, it will lead to the death or even extinction of aquatic animals and plants.

　　2. Industrial wastewater may also permeate into groundwater, pollute groundwater, and then pollute crops.

　　3. If the surrounding residents use the polluted surface water or groundwater as domestic water, it will endanger their health and even cause death.

　　4. Industrial wastewater seeps into the soil, causing soil pollution. Affect the growth of microorganisms in plants and soil.

　　5. Some industrial wastewater also has an unpleasant odor, polluting the air.

　　6. Toxic and harmful substances in industrial wastewater will remain in the body due to the ingestion and absorption of passive plants, and then reach the human body through the food chain, causing harm to the human body. The damage of industrial wastewater to the environment is considerable. Among the "eight public hazards events" in the 20th century, "Minamata event" and "Toyama event" are caused by industrial wastewater pollution.

　　According to its function, sewage treatment can be divided into physical method, biological method and chemical method.

　　1. Physical method: it mainly uses physical action to separate insoluble substances in sewage, and does not change chemical properties during treatment. Commonly used are gravity separation, centrifugal separation, reverse osmosis, air flotation, etc. Physical treatment of structures is relatively simple and economical. It is used in villages and towns with large water capacity, strong self purification capacity and low requirements for sewage treatment.

　　2. Biological method: using the metabolic function of microorganisms, decompose and oxidize the dissolved or colloidal organic matter in the sewage into stable inorganic substances, so that the sewage can be purified. Activated sludge process and biofilm process are commonly used. The treatment degree of biological method is higher than that of physical method.

　　3. Chemical method: it is a method that uses chemical reaction to treat or recover dissolved substances or colloidal substances in sewage. Commonly used are coagulation method, Zhonghe method, oxidation-reduction method, ion exchange method, etc. The chemical treatment method has good treatment effect and high cost. It is mostly used as the effluent after biochemical treatment for further treatment to improve the effluent quality. Sewage treatment can be divided into primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment according to the degree of treatment. The primary treatment is mainly to remove the suspended solid substances in the sewage, which is commonly used by physical methods. The BOD removal rate of wastewater after primary treatment is only 20%, which is still not suitable for discharge, and secondary treatment must be carried out. The main task of the secondary treatment is to greatly remove the colloidal and dissolved organic matter in the sewage, and the BOD removal rate is 80% - 90%. Generally, the sewage after secondary treatment can meet the discharge standard, and biofilm treatment is commonly used. The purpose of tertiary treatment is to further remove some special pollutants, such as fluoride and phosphorus removal. It belongs to advanced treatment, and chemical methods are commonly used. Requirements for sewage process selection: the existing primary treatment process should be transformed to strengthen the treatment effect. According to the actual situation, the existing treatment facilities should be fully used to transform the structure or operation mode of septic tanks and contact tanks that are widely used in existing hospitals. When necessary, some facilities should be added to improve the treatment effect as much as possible, so as to meet the discharge standard of hospital sewage treatment.

　　A method for treating industrial sewage belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment. It is to lead the sewage to the water collecting tank, adjust the pH of a grid at the end of the water collecting tank, lift it to the primary pressure air dissolving tank with the primary dissolved air pump, inhale air and coagulant decolorizer at the same time, and suddenly release the primary saturated dissolved air water in the primary pressure air dissolving tank to the primary air flotation tank to form the primary treated water; The primary treated water overflows into the buffer tank, and then when the pH is controlled, use the secondary dissolved air pump to lift the primary treated water into the secondary pressure dissolved air tank, at the same time, inhale air and coagulant decolorizer, and suddenly release the secondary saturated dissolved air water in the secondary pressure dissolved air tank to the secondary air flotation tank to form the secondary treated water, which overflows to the sedimentation tank and is discharged after sedimentation; 1、 The floating mud in the secondary air flotation tank enters the floating mud tank, is pressed and filtered into a filter cake, and the filtrate is led back to the sump. The removal rates of CODCr, decolorization rate, SS and BOD5 of the industrial sewage treated by this method are 80 ~ 90%, 95%, more than 90% and 75-80% respectively, which meet the grade I water discharge standard of GB8978-1996. Biogas power generation is a new energy comprehensive utilization technology integrating environmental protection and energy conservation. It uses the biogas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of industrial sewage to drive the biogas generator set to generate electricity, and can make full use of the waste heat of the generator set for biogas production, so that the comprehensive thermal efficiency is about 80%, which is much higher than the general power generation efficiency of 30~40%. The economic benefits of users are significant. It is a good method to treat industrial sewage.

　　1. Technology Overview: micro electrolysis technology is an ideal process for treating high concentration organic wastewater, also known as internal electrolysis. It uses the micro electrolysis material filled in the wastewater to produce 1.2V potential difference to electrolyze the wastewater without electricity, so as to achieve the purpose of degrading organic pollutants. When the system is filled with water, countless micro battery systems will be formed in the equipment, forming an electric field in its action space. The new ecology [h] and Fe2 + produced in the treatment process can have redox reactions with many components in the wastewater, such as destroying the chromogenic group or chromophore group of the colored substances in the colored wastewater, or even breaking the chain, so as to achieve the role of degradation and decolorization; The generated Fe2 + is further oxidized to Fe3 +, and their hydrate has strong adsorption flocculation activity. Especially, ferrous hydroxide and ferric hydroxide colloidal flocculants are generated after adding alkali to adjust the pH value. Their adsorption capacity is much higher than that of ferric hydroxide gel obtained by hydrolysis of general agents, and can adsorb a large number of small particles, metal particles and organic macromolecules dispersed in water. Its working principle is based on the combined action of electrochemistry, oxidation-reduction, physical adsorption and flocculation sedimentation to treat wastewater. This method has the advantages of wide application range, good treatment effect, low cost, convenient operation and maintenance, and no need to consume power resources. The process used in the treatment of refractory high concentration wastewater can greatly reduce COD and chromaticity, improve the biodegradability of wastewater, and have a good effect on the removal of ammonia nitrogen. Traditionally, the micro electrolysis materials used in the micro electrolysis process are generally iron filings and charcoal, which should be activated by acid and alkali before use. It is easy to passivate and harden in the process of use. Because iron and carbon are in physical contact, it is easy to form an isolation layer between them, so that the micro electrolysis cannot continue and lose its function. This leads to the frequent replacement of micro electrolysis materials, which not only has a large workload and high cost, but also affects the treatment effect and efficiency of wastewater. In addition, the small surface area of traditional micro electrolysis materials also makes wastewater treatment take a long time, increasing the investment cost per ton of water, which seriously affects the utilization and promotion of micro electrolysis process.

　　2. Reaction formula: anode: Fe - 2e → Fe2 + e (Fe / fe2+) =0.44v cathode: 2h + + 2e → H2 e (H + / H2) =0.00v when there is oxygen, the cathode reaction is as follows: O2 + 4H + + 4E → 2H2O e (O2) =1.23vo2 + 2H2O + 4E → 4OH - E (o2/oh -) =0.41v3, technical features ⑴ the reaction rate is fast, and it only takes half an hour to several hours for general industrial wastewater; ⑵ it has a wide range of organic pollutants, such as refractory organic substances containing even fluorine, carbon double bond, nitro, halogenated group structure, etc., which have good degradation effects;

　　⑶ simple process flow, long service life, low investment cost, convenient operation and maintenance, low operation cost and stable treatment effect. Only a small amount of micro electrolysis reagent is consumed in the treatment process. The micro electrolysis agent only needs to be added regularly without replacement, and the addition does not need to be activated directly;

　　(4) after micro electrolysis treatment, the wastewater will form original ferrous or iron ions in the water, which has better coagulation effect than ordinary coagulants. There is no need to add coagulants such as iron salt. The removal rate of COD is high, and it will not cause secondary pollution to the water;

　　(5) it has good coagulation effect, high removal rate of chromaticity and COD, and the same amount can greatly improve the biodegradability of wastewater; (6) this method can achieve the effect of phosphorus removal by chemical precipitation, and can also remove heavy metals by reduction;

　　(7) for the high concentration organic wastewater treatment project that has been built but not up to the standard, this technology is used as the pretreatment of the wastewater of the built project, which can degrade COD and improve the biodegradability of the wastewater at the same time, so as to ensure the stable and up to standard discharge of the wastewater after treatment. It can also carry out advanced treatment of biochemical wastewater by micro electrolysis or micro electrolysis combined with Biofilter Process; (8) each unit of this technology can be used as a separate treatment method and as a pretreatment process of biological treatment, which is conducive to sludge sedimentation and biofilm.

　　4. Applicable to the type of wastewater. This technology is especially aimed at the treatment of wastewater with high concentration of organic matter, high toxicity, high chroma and difficult biochemistry, which can greatly reduce the chroma and COD of wastewater, and improve the b/c ratio, that is, improve the biodegradability of wastewater; It can be widely used in printing and dyeing, chemical industry, electroplating, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, wool washing, pesticides, alcohol and other industrial wastewater treatment and treated water reuse projects. ⑴ dye and printing and dyeing wastewater; Coking wastewater; Petrochemical wastewater------ While the above wastewater is decolorized, the bod/cod value of the treated water is significantly improved.

　　(2) petroleum wastewater; Leather wastewater; Papermaking wastewater and wood processing wastewater------ The bod/cod value of the treated water of the above wastewater is greatly increased.

　　(3) electroplating wastewater; Printing wastewater; Mining wastewater; Other wastewater containing heavy metals------ Heavy metals can be removed from the above wastewater.

　　(4) organic phosphorus agricultural wastewater; Organochlorine agricultural wastewater------ The biodegradability of the above wastewater is greatly improved, and phosphorus and sulfide can be removed.

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